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	<article>

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			一小时同步一次，更多信息请查阅 <a href="https://laravel-china.org/topics/2095">文档导读</a>。
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		<div class="main-content">
			<h1>用户授权</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="authorization.html#introduction">简介</a></li>
<li><a href="authorization.html#defining-abilities">定义权限</a></li>
<li><a href="authorization.html#checking-abilities">检查权限</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="authorization.html#via-the-gate-facade">通过 Gate Facade</a></li>
<li><a href="authorization.html#via-the-user-model">通过用户模型</a></li>
<li><a href="authorization.html#within-blade-templates">使用 Blade 模板</a></li>
<li><a href="authorization.html#within-form-requests">使用表单请求</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="authorization.html#policies">授权策略</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="authorization.html#creating-policies">创建授权策略</a></li>
<li><a href="authorization.html#writing-policies">编写授权策略</a></li>
<li><a href="authorization.html#checking-policies">检查授权策略</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="authorization.html#controller-authorization">控制器授权</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a name="introduction"></a></p>
<h2>简介</h2>
<p>除了内置提供的 <a href="authentication.html">用户认证</a> 服务外，Laravel 还提供了用户授权和资源访问控制的方案。有很多种方法与辅助函数能帮你处理授权逻辑，在本文档中我们将会涵盖每一种方式。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>注意：</strong>授权在 Laravel 5.1.11 被加入，请在集成这些功能前参考 <a href="upgrade.html">升级导引</a>。</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a name="defining-abilities"></a></p>
<h2>定义权限</h2>
<p>判断一个用户是否允许执行特定行为，最简单的方式就是使用 <code>Illuminate\Auth\Access\Gate</code> 类定义「权限」。</p>
<p>可以在 <code>AuthServiceProvider</code> 文件中定义应用程序的所有权限。举个例子，我们需要定义一个 <code>update-post</code> 的权限，需要判断目前的 <code>User</code> 及 <code>Post</code> <a href="eloquent.html">模型</a> 是否有所属关系，也就是「文章」是不是「用户」发的，我们会判断用户的 <code>id</code> 与文章的 <code>user_id</code> 是否一致：</p>
<pre><code>&lt;?php

namespace App\Providers;

use Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\Access\Gate as GateContract;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Support\Providers\AuthServiceProvider as ServiceProvider;

class AuthServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
{
    /**
     * 注册应用程序的认证或授权服务。
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\Access\Gate  $gate
     * @return void
     */
    public function boot(GateContract $gate)
    {
        $this-&gt;registerPolicies($gate);

        $gate-&gt;define('update-post', function ($user, $post) {
            return $user-&gt;id === $post-&gt;user_id;
        });
    }
}</code></pre>
<p>注意，我们并不会检查当指定的 <code>$user</code> 是不是 <code>NULL</code>。未登录用户或是没有用 <code>forUser</code> 方法指定的用户，<code>Gate</code> 会自动为其 <strong>所有权限</strong> 返回 <code>false</code>。</p>
<h4>基于类的权限</h4>
<p>除了注册 <code>闭包</code> 作为授权的回调，你也可以通过传递包含 <code>类名称</code> 及 <code>方法</code> 的字符串来注册类方法，该类会通过 <a href="container.html">服务容器</a> 被解析：</p>
<pre><code>$gate-&gt;define('update-post', 'Class@method');</code></pre>
<p><a name="intercepting-all-checks"></a>
<a name="intercepting-authorization-checks"></a></p>
<h4>拦截授权检查</h4>
<p>有时你希望赋予指定用户最高权限，如管理员拥有所有权限，可以使用 <code>before</code> 方法来定义所有授权检查前会被运行的回调：</p>
<pre><code>$gate-&gt;before(function ($user, $ability) {
    if ($user-&gt;isSuperAdmin()) {
        return true;
    }
});</code></pre>
<p>如果 <code>before</code> 的回调返回一个非 null 的结果，则该结果会被作为检查的结果，并中断后面的其他验证。</p>
<p>你还可以使用 <code>after</code> 方法定义一个当所有授权检查后会被运行的回调。但是，你无法修改 <code>after</code> 回调中授权检查的结果：</p>
<pre><code>$gate-&gt;after(function ($user, $ability, $result, $arguments) {
    //
});</code></pre>
<p><a name="checking-abilities"></a></p>
<h2>检查权限</h2>
<p><a name="via-the-gate-facade"></a></p>
<h3>通过 Gate Facade</h3>
<p>一旦权限被定义后，我们可以使用不同方式来做「权限检查」。</p>
<p>首先，我们可以使用 <code>Gate</code> <a href="facades.html">facade</a> 的 <code>check</code>、<code>allows</code> 或 <code>denies</code> 方法。所有的这些方法会获取权限的名称及参数，并会被传递至权限的回调中。</p>
<p>你 <strong>不</strong> 需要传递当前登录用户至该方法内，因为 <code>Gate</code> 会自动加载当前登录用户，所以，当通过我们前面定义的 <code>update-post</code> 权限进行检查时，只需传递一个 <code>Post</code> 实例至 <code>denies</code> 方法即可：</p>
<pre><code>&lt;?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use Gate;
use App\User;
use App\Post;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;

class PostController extends Controller
{
    /**
     * 更新指定的文章。
     *
     * @param  int  $id
     * @return Response
     */
    public function update($id)
    {
        $post = Post::findOrFail($id);

        if (Gate::denies('update-post', $post)) {
            abort(403);
        }

        // 更新文章...
    }
}</code></pre>
<p><code>allows</code> 方法只是简单的将 <code>denies</code> 方法给颠倒过来，当授权成功时候会返回 <code>true</code>。<code>check</code> 方法则是 <code>allows</code> 方法的别名。</p>
<h4>检查指定用户的权限</h4>
<p>如果你想检查 <strong>除了当前登录用户以外的其他用户</strong> 是否拥有指定的权限，你可以使用 <code>forUser</code> 方法：</p>
<pre><code>if (Gate::forUser($user)-&gt;allows('update-post', $post)) {
    //
}</code></pre>
<h4>传递多个参数</h4>
<p>当然，权限的回调可以传递多个参数：</p>
<pre><code>Gate::define('delete-comment', function ($user, $post, $comment) {
    //
});</code></pre>
<p>如果你的权限需要多个参数，只需简单的传递一个数组作为 <code>Gate</code> 方法的参数：</p>
<pre><code>if (Gate::allows('delete-comment', [$post, $comment])) {
    //
}</code></pre>
<p><a name="via-the-user-model"></a></p>
<h3>通过用户模型</h3>
<p>另外，你也可以通过 <code>User</code> 模型的实例检查权限。默认情况下，Laravel 的 <code>App\User</code> 模型使用了 <code>Authorizable</code> trait，它提供了两个方法：<code>can</code> 及 <code>cannot</code>。</p>
<p>这些方法使用起来相似于 <code>Gate</code> facade 提供的 <code>allows</code> 与 <code>denies</code> 方法。所以，沿用我们之前的例子，可以将代码改成如下：</p>
<pre><code>&lt;?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use App\Post;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;

class PostController extends Controller
{
    /**
     * 更新指定的文章。
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
     * @param  int  $id
     * @return Response
     */
    public function update(Request $request, $id)
    {
        $post = Post::findOrFail($id);

        if ($request-&gt;user()-&gt;cannot('update-post', $post)) {
            abort(403);
        }

        // 更新文章...
    }
}</code></pre>
<p>当然，<code>can</code> 方法只是简单的将 <code>cannot</code> 方法给颠倒过来：</p>
<pre><code>if ($request-&gt;user()-&gt;can('update-post', $post)) {
    // 更新文章...
}</code></pre>
<p><a name="within-blade-templates"></a></p>
<h3>使用 Blade 模板</h3>
<p>在 Blade 模板中，你还可以使用 <code>@can</code> 命令来快速检查当前登录用户是否有指定的权限。例如：</p>
<pre><code>&lt;a href="/post/{{ $post-&gt;id }}"&gt;查看文章&lt;/a&gt;

@can('update-post', $post)
    &lt;a href="/post/{{ $post-&gt;id }}/edit"&gt;编辑文章&lt;/a&gt;
@endcan</code></pre>
<p>你也可以将 <code>@else</code> 命令配合 <code>@can</code> 命令：</p>
<pre><code>@can('update-post', $post)
    &lt;!-- 当前登录用户可以更新文章 --&gt;
@else
    &lt;!-- 当前登录用户不可以更新文章 --&gt;
@endcan</code></pre>
<p><a name="within-form-requests"></a></p>
<h3>使用表单请求</h3>
<p>你也可以在 <a href="validation.html#form-request-validation">表单请求</a> 的 <code>authorize</code> 方法中采用你的 <code>Gate</code> 定义的权限。举个例子：</p>
<pre><code>/**
 * 判断当用户已被授权并发送此请求。
 *
 * @return bool
 */
public function authorize()
{
    $postId = $this-&gt;route('post');

    return Gate::allows('update', Post::findOrFail($postId));
}</code></pre>
<p><a name="policies"></a></p>
<h2>授权策略</h2>
<p><a name="creating-policies"></a></p>
<h3>创建授权策略</h3>
<p>在大型应用程序中，把你所有的授权逻辑定义在 <code>AuthServiceProvider</code> 中可能成为累赘，你可以切分你的授权逻辑至「授权策略」类。授权策略是简单的 PHP 类，并基于授权的资源将授权逻辑进行分组。</p>
<p>首先，让我们生成一个授权策略来管理 <code>Post</code> 模型的授权。你可以通过 <code>make:policy</code> <a href="artisan.html">artisan 命令</a> 生成一个授权策略。生成的授权策略会被放置于 <code>app/Policies</code> 目录中：</p>
<pre><code>php artisan make:policy PostPolicy</code></pre>
<h4>注册授权策略</h4>
<p>一旦该授权策略存在，我们需要将它与 <code>Gate</code> 类进行注册。<code>AuthServiceProvider</code> 包含了一个 <code>policies</code> 属性，可将各种模型对应至管理它们的授权策略。所以，我们需要指定 <code>Post</code> 模型的授权策略是 <code>PostPilicy</code> 类：</p>
<pre><code>&lt;?php

namespace App\Providers;

use App\Post;
use App\Policies\PostPolicy;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Support\Providers\AuthServiceProvider as ServiceProvider;

class AuthServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
{
    /**
     * 应用程序的授权策略对应。
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $policies = [
        Post::class =&gt; PostPolicy::class,
    ];

    /**
     * 注册任何应用程序的认证或授权服务。
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\Access\Gate  $gate
     * @return void
     */
    public function boot(GateContract $gate)
    {
        $this-&gt;registerPolicies($gate);
    }
}</code></pre>
<p><a name="writing-policies"></a></p>
<h3>编写授权策略</h3>
<p>一旦授权策略被生成且注册，我们就可以为每个权限的授权增加方法。例如，让我们在 <code>PostPolicy</code> 中定义一个 <code>update</code> 方法，它会判断指定的 <code>User</code> 是否可以「更新」一条 <code>Post</code>：</p>
<pre><code>&lt;?php

namespace App\Policies;

use App\User;
use App\Post;

class PostPolicy
{
    /**
     * 判断指定的文章是否可以被该用户更新。
     *
     * @param  \App\User  $user
     * @param  \App\Post  $post
     * @return bool
     */
    public function update(User $user, Post $post)
    {
        return $user-&gt;id === $post-&gt;user_id;
    }
}</code></pre>
<p>你可以接着在此授权策略定义额外的方法，作为各种权限需要的授权。例如，你可以定义 <code>show</code>、<code>destroy</code> 或 <code>addComment</code> 方法来授权 <code>Post</code> 的多种行为。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>注意：</strong>所有授权策略会通过 Laravel <a href="container.html">服务容器</a> 解析，意指你可以在授权策略的构造器对任何需要的依赖使用类型提示，它们将会被自动注入。</p>
</blockquote>
<h4>拦截所有检查</h4>
<p>有时，你可能希望在授权策略赋予所有权限给指定用户。对于这种情况，只要在授权策略中定义一个 <code>before</code> 方法。授权策略的此方法会在其它所有授权检查前被运行：</p>
<pre><code>public function before($user, $ability)
{
    if ($user-&gt;isSuperAdmin()) {
        return true;
    }
}</code></pre>
<p>如果 <code>before</code> 的回调返回一个非 null 的结果，则该结果会被作为检查的结果。</p>
<p><a name="checking-policies"></a></p>
<h3>检查授权策略</h3>
<p>授权策略方法的调用方式和基于授权的回调<code>闭包</code>是完全相同的。你可以使用<code>Gate</code> facade、<code>User</code> 模型、<code>@can</code> Blade 命令或是 <code>policy</code> 辅助函数。</p>
<h4>通过 Gate Facade</h4>
<p><code>Gate</code> 会通过检查传递给该类方法的参数自动判断该使用哪种授权策略。所以，如果我们传递一个 <code>Post</code> 实例到 <code>denies</code> 方法，<code>Gate</code> 会采用对应的 <code>PostPolicy</code> 来授权行为：</p>
<pre><code>&lt;?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use Gate;
use App\User;
use App\Post;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;

class PostController extends Controller
{
    /**
     * 更新指定的文章。
     *
     * @param  int  $id
     * @return Response
     */
    public function update($id)
    {
        $post = Post::findOrFail($id);

        if (Gate::denies('update', $post)) {
            abort(403);
        }

        // 更新文章...
    }
}</code></pre>
<h4>通过用户模型</h4>
<p><code>User</code> 模型的 <code>can</code> 与 <code>cannot</code> 方法也会自动采用指定参数可用的授权策略。此方法提供一个简单的方式在应用程序中为任何获取到的 <code>User</code> 实例授权行为：</p>
<pre><code>if ($user-&gt;can('update', $post)) {
    //
}

if ($user-&gt;cannot('update', $post)) {
    //
}</code></pre>
<h4>使用 Blade 模板</h4>
<p>同样的，<code>@can</code> Blade 命令会采用指定参数可用的授权。</p>
<pre><code>@can('update', $post)
    &lt;!-- 目前的用户可以更新文章 --&gt;
@endcan</code></pre>
<h4>通过授权策略辅助函数</h4>
<p>全局的 <code>policy</code> 辅助函数可以被用于为指定的类实例获取 <code>Policy</code> 类。例如，我们可以传递一个 <code>Post</code> 实例至 <code>policy</code> 辅助函数，获取对应的 <code>PostPolicy</code> 类实例：</p>
<pre><code>if (policy($post)-&gt;update($user, $post)) {
    //
}</code></pre>
<p><a name="controller-authorization"></a></p>
<h2>控制器授权</h2>
<p>默认的，<code>App\Http\Controllers\Controller</code> 类包含了 Laravel 使用的 <code>AuthorizesRequests</code> trait。此 trait 提供了 <code>authorize</code> 方法，它可以被用于快速授权一个指定的行为，当无权限运行该行为时会抛出 <code>HttpException</code>。</p>
<p><code>authorize</code> 方法与其它授权方法共用了同样的特征，像是 <code>Gate::allows</code> 与 <code>$user-&gt;can()</code>。所以，让我们使用 <code>authorize</code> 方法来快速授权一个请求以更新一条 <code>Post</code>：</p>
<pre><code>&lt;?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use App\Post;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;

class PostController extends Controller
{
    /**
     * 更新指定的文章。
     *
     * @param  int  $id
     * @return Response
     */
    public function update($id)
    {
        $post = Post::findOrFail($id);

        $this-&gt;authorize('update', $post);

        // 更新文章...
    }
}</code></pre>
<p>如果该行为被授权了，控制器将会继续正常运行；但是，如果 <code>authorize</code> 方法判断没有权限运行该行为，那么将会自动生成一个带有 <code>403 Not Authorized</code> 状态码的 HTTP 响应并抛出异常。如你所见，<code>authorize</code> 方法是进行授权行为或处理抛出异常的一个简单、快速的方法，仅使用了一行程序代码。</p>
<p><code>AuthorizesRequests</code> trait 也提供了 <code>authorizeForUser</code> 方法来为当前非认证用户授权行为：</p>
<pre><code>$this-&gt;authorizeForUser($user, 'update', $post);</code></pre>
<h4>自动判断授权策略方法</h4>
<p>通常，一个授权策略方法会对应一个控制器方法。以下方的 <code>update</code> 方法为例，控制器方法及授权策略方法会共用相同的名称：<code>update</code>。</p>
<p>因此，Laravel 让你能够简单的传递实例参数至 <code>authorize</code> 方法，基于被调用的函数名称，自动判断出应该授权的权限。在本例中，因为 <code>authorize</code> 被控制器的 <code>update</code> 方法调用，所以也会调用 <code>PostPolicy</code> 中的 <code>update</code> 方法：</p>
<pre><code>/**
 * 更新指定的文章。
 *
 * @param  int  $id
 * @return Response
 */
public function update($id)
{
    $post = Post::findOrFail($id);

    $this-&gt;authorize($post);

    // 更新文章...
}</code></pre>
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